19. Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473 in Thorn, Royal Prussia, Kingdom of Poland. He was a Roman Catholic. 
                He was the first astronomer to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology, which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.
                His epochal book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), published in 1543 just before his death, is often regarded as the starting point of modern astronomy and the defining epiphany that began the scientific revolution. His heliocentric model, with the Sun at the center of the universe, demonstrated that the observed motions of celestial objects can be explained without putting Earth at rest in the center of the universe. His work stimulated further scientific investigations, becoming a landmark in the history of science that is often referred to as the Copernican Revolution.
                Among the great polymaths of the Renaissance, Copernicus was a mathematician, astronomer, physician, quadrilingual polyglot, classical scholar, translator, artist, Catholic cleric, jurist, governor, military leader, diplomat and economist. Among his many responsibilities, astronomy figured as little more than an avocation — yet it was in that field that he made his mark upon the world.
               He died in  Frauen burg (Frombork) on 24 May 1543 and was reportedly buried in the Cathedral.

If you want to know more about hi, must see :
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Copernicus.html 

18.Augustus Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus was born on 23 September, 63 BC. He was the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.

                  Born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, he was adopted by his great uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC, and between then and 27 BC was officially named Gaius Julius Caesar. In 27 BC the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus, and thus consequently he was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus. Because of the various names he bore, it is common to call him Octavius when referring to events between 63 and 44 BC, Octavian (or Octavianus) when referring to events between 44 and 27 BC, and Augustus when referring to events after 27 BC. In Greek sources, Augustus is known as Ὀκτάβιος (Octavius), Καῖσαρ (Caesar), Αὔγουστος (Augustus), or Σεβαστός (Sebastos), depending on context.

                      The young Octavius came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in a military dictatorship known as the Second Triumvirate. As a triumvir, Octavian ruled Rome and many of its provinces as an autocrat, seizing consular power after the deaths of the consuls Hirtius and Pansa and having himself perpetually re-elected. The triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by the fleet of Octavian commanded by Agrippa in 31 BC.
                   After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Octavian restored the outward facade of the Roman Republic, with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate, but in practice retained his autocratic power. It took several years to determine the exact framework by which a formally republican state could be led by a sole ruler; the result became known as the Roman Empire. The emperorship was never an office like the Roman dictatorship which Caesar and Sulla had held before him; indeed, he declined it when the Roman populace "entreated him to take on the dictatorship". By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by the Senate, including those of tribune of the plebs and censor. He was consul until 23 BC. His substantive power stemmed from financial success and resources gained in conquest, the building of patronage relationships throughout the Empire, the loyalty of many military soldiers and veterans, the authority of the many honors granted by the Senate, and the respect of the people. Augustus' control over the majority of Rome's legions established an armed threat that could be used against the Senate, allowing him to coerce the Senate's decisions. With his ability to eliminate senatorial opposition by means of arms, the Senate became docile towards his paramount position. His rule through patronage, military power, and accumulation of the offices of the defunct Republic became the model for all later imperial government.
              The rule of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana, or Roman peace. Despite continuous frontier wars, and one year-long civil war over the imperial succession, the Mediterranean world remained at peace for more than two centuries. Augustus expanded the Roman Empire, secured its boundaries with client states, and made peace with Parthia through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system, established a standing army (and a small navy), established the Praetorian Guard, and created official police and fire-fighting forces for Rome. Much of the city was rebuilt under Augustus; and he wrote a record of his own accomplishments, known as the Res Gestae Divi Augusti, which has survived. Upon his death in 19 August, AD 14, Augustus was declared a god by the Senate, to be worshipped by the Romans. His names Augustus and Caesar were adopted by every subsequent emperor, and the month of Sextilis was officially renamed August in his honour. He was succeeded by his stepson and son-in-law, Tiberius.

If you want to know more about him, read this book :
"AUGUSTUS CAESAR" by David Shotter

17. Shih Huang Ti

Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: 秦始皇; pinyin: Qín Shǐhuáng; Wade-Giles: Ch'in Shih-huang) was born on 259 BCE. His personal name was Ying Zheng (Chinese: 嬴政; pinyin: Yíng Zhèng). He was the king of Chinese State of Qin from 246 BCE to 221 BCE during the Warring States period.                He became the first Emporer of unified China in 221 BCE. He remained Emporer until his death in 210 BCE at the age of 50.                Qin Shi Huang remains a controvercial figure in Chinese history. After unifying China, he and his adviser Li Si passed a series of economic and political reforms. He undertook the gigantic projects, including the first version of "The Great Wall of China", the now famous city-sized mousoleum quarded by a life sized Terracotta Army, and a massive road system, all at the expense of numerous lives. To ensure stability, Qin Shi Huang outlawed and burried many books.                    Despite the tyranny of his autocratic rule, he remains a pivotal figure in Chinese history. He was died on 210 BCE.

16. Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin was an English neutralist.  He was born on 12 February 1809.
                He released and presented evidanvce that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors through the process, he called, "Natural Selection". This was accepted by scientists community in his lifetime. From 1930 to 1950, a broad concensus developed that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific theory is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.
               At Edinberg University, Darwin neglected medical studies and helped to investigate marine invertibrates, then the University of Cambridge encouraged a passion of natural sciences.
                    Darwin also investigated the transmutation of species and conceived his "Theory of natural selection" in 1938. His book "On the Origin of Species" established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature.
                    He examined human evolution and sexual selection  in "The Descent of Man, And Selection in Ratio to Sex", followed by "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals". His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, he examined earthworms, and their effect on soil.
       He was died on 19 April 1882 (aged 73).In recognition of Darwin's pre-eminence, he was only five 19th century non-royal personages to be honoured by a state funeral, and was buried Westminster Abbey, close to John Herschel and Isaac Newton.

15. Moses-Musa (A.S)

Musa (A.S) / (Moses) was born on 1526BC. He is one of the Prophet of Islam. Musa (A.S) is often reffered to as "Kalim Allah" meaning "He who spoke with Allah". The Quran mentions him frequently. Incidents of his life are mentioned in Quran. He is the Prophet to whom the book  "Torah" was revealed.
         According to Christianity, he is considered as a religious leader, lawgiver and Prophet.
          In Judaism, he is considered  the most important Prophet. He is considered a Prophet in Baha'i Faith, Rastafari and many other faiths. Musa (A.S) was died on 1406 BC.
You can get books on him from the following link :
http://store.dar-us-salam.com/

14. Euclid

Euclid was born on 300BC. Very little is known about him. "Euclid" is a Greek word meaning "Good Glory". He is also known as "Euclid of Alexanderia".
                  He was a Greeek  Mathematician and often reffered to as "Father of Geometry". He lived in Alexaderia, Egypt. He was active in Hellenistic Alexanderia during the reign of Ptolemy (323-283 BC).
                   His book "Euclid's Elements" is the most infuencial book in the history of Mathematics. His book was the main textbook of Mathematics (especially Geometry) till early 20th century.
                   In it, principles of "Euclidean Geometry" were deduced from a small set of axioms. Euclid also wrote works on prospective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory and rigor.
                   It was due to him that "Geometry" became an important branch of Mathematics.

13. Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher. He was born in the Macedonanian town of Stagira in 384 BC. His father, Nicomashus was a phycist who died when Aristotle was young. In 367 BC, when he was seventeen, his uncle sent him to Athens to study at Plato's Academy. There he remained, first as a pupil and then as an asssociate for next twenty Years.
      Alexander was a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the great. He wrote on many subjects including Physics, metaphysics, poetry, theatre, music, logic, politics, government, ethics, Biology and Zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates, Aristotle is one of the most important personality in Western philosophy. He was the first to creat a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and meta physics.

                    He was one of the best personalities the world has ever produced. Some famous quotes of Aristotle are :

1.   A friend is a second self.
2.  All paid jobs absorb and degrade mind.
3.  Dignity consists not in possesing honours , but in the consciousness that we deserve them.
4.  Education is the best provision to our old age.

                   Aristotle had a profond influence on the history of philosophy. He died on 322 BC in Euboea.

If you want to know more about him , see :
LIFE OF ARISTOTLE

12.Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei was an Italian Phycist and astronomer. He was in Pisa on February 15,1564.Galileo's father Vincenzo Galilei, was a well known musician. Vincenzo decided that his son should become a doctor.
           In 1581, Galileo was sent to University of Pisa to study medicine. While a student in University, Galileo discovered that he had talent for Mathematics. He was able to persuade his father to allow him to leave the University and become a tutor in Mathematics. He later became a professor of Mathematics.
In 1609, Galileo heard about the invention of spyglass, a device whish made distant objects appear closer. Galileo used his mathematical knowledge and technical skillls to improve upon the skyglass and build a telescope. Later in the same year, he became the first person to see the Moon through a telescope and made an astronomy discovery. He was that Moon was not smooth but mountainous and pitted-just like the Earth. He subsequently used his newly invented telescope to discover four of the moons circling Jupiter. He also observed Saturn using telescope. He also observed the phases of Venus and sunspots on the Sun.
        Galileo's study strengthen this belief in Copernicus' theory that Earth and all other planets revolve arond the Sun. Most people in Galileo's time believed that Earth was the center of the Universe and Sun and all other planets revolve aroud it. The Catholic Church which was very powerful and influential in Galileo's time, strongly supported the theory of the geocentric, or Earth-Centered Universe. After Galileo began publishing papers about his astronomy discoveries and his beliefs in a heliocentric or sun-centered Universe, he was called to Rome to answer charges against him by the inquisition ( the legal body of the Catholic Church). Early in 1616, Galileo was accused of being heretic, a person who opposed Church techniques. Herecu was a crime for which people were sometimes sentenced to death. Galileo was cleared of charges of heresy, but was told that he should no longer publicly state that Earth moved around the Sun. Galileo was convinced that Earth revolve around the Sun.
           In 1632, he published a book that stated, among other things, that the heliocentric theory of Copernicus was correct. Galileo was once again called before the  Inquisition and this time he was found guilty of heresy. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1633. Because of his poor health, he was allowed to serve his imprisonment under house arrest. Galileo died on Januaury 8, 1642.

11.Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in the town of Dole in Eastern France. Pasteur's Parents were peasants, his father was a tanner by trade.
                  He was a French chemist and microbiologist. He is best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of diseases. His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever and he cerared the first vaccine for rabies. His experiments supported the germ theory of diseases.
                   He is best known to general public for inventing  the method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a method that came to be called Pasteurization.
                  He is regarded as one of the three main founder of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch. Pasteur also made many discoveries in the field of Chemistry, most notably the molecular basis for the asymmetry of certain crystals.

         Pasteur died on September 28, 1895 in Paris. His body lies beneath Institute Paris in a spectacular vault covered in depictions of his accomplishments in Byzantine mosaics.

10.Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was born on 14 March, 1879 in Ulm, Kingdom of Wurttemburg, German Empire. He was a theoretical phycist. He contributed a lot to improve Physics' laws.
                  His contributions to physics include 'The special and genral theories of relativity, the founding of relavistic cosmology, the first post-Newtonian expansion, explaining the perihelion advance of Mercury, prediction of the deflection of light by gravity and gravitational lensing. He also explained the first fluctuation dissipation theorem which explained the Brownian movement of molecules.
                  He presented the Photon theory' and told us about wave-duality. He also gave the quantum theory of atomic motion in solids and the zero-point energy concept. He also gave semiclassical version of Schrodinger equation. His quantum theory of a monatomic gas predicted Bose-Einstein condensation.
          Albert Einstein is best known for his Therories of special relativity and general relativity. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the Law of the photoelectric effect. Hewas also awarded Copley Medal, Max Plank Medal and the Time Person of the Century.
          Einstein published more than 300 scientific and over 150 non-scientific works. He is often regarded as the Father of Modern Physics.
          He passed his life in many countries i.e Australia, Germany Switzerland and United States. He died on 18th April, 1955 in United States.  

09.Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy in 1451.  His father was Domenico Colombo who worked as a wool weaver His mother was Susanna Fontanarossa. He had three brothers, Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pelligrino and Giacomo.
               Europe had established a land route to Asia (China and India) under the Mongol Empire. It was very long. Columbus proposed a smaller route to reach Asia. He calculated the distance based on Marinus of Tyre and judge the circumference of Earth to be approximately 25000 kilometers. Experts, however don't agree with him. Based on calculations of Eratosthenes, the circumference of the Earth was held to be 40,000 kilometers.
                In 1492, the King and Queen of Spain made him "Admiral of the sea" and made him the Viceroy and Governor of the new lands.
                 On 3rd of August, 1492, he started his first voyage. He sailed to Canary islands. He then went to Cuba and Hispaniola. In October, he discovered an island which was named 'San Salvador' . This is the present day Bahamas.
                 His second voyage began on the 24th of september, 1493 and he set sail from Cadiz. First of all, he went to Canary islands and stocked up there. He then visited and named Montserrat, Antigua, Redonda, Nevis, Saint Kitts, Sint Eustatius, Saba, Saint Martin, Saint Croix, and the Virgin Islands. Then he landed at Puerto Rico. He then returned to Spain.
                 On the 30th May, 1498, he undertook his third voyage. He sailed from Sanlucar in Spain. In July, he landed on the island of Trinidad and in August in the Gulf of Paris. After exploring South America, he sailed to Margarita island and then he sailed to Tobago Grenada. Then he returned to Spain.
                  Christopher Columbus died on the 20th of May, 1506. His remains are preserved in the Cathedral of Seville in Spain borne by four statues representing the Kingdoms of Navarre, Castille, Aragon and Leon.

08.Johann Gutenberg

 Johann Gutenberg was a German printer. He was born in 1398 at Mainz. His father was Friele zum Gensfleisch and his mother Elsgen Wyrich, whose birthplace “Gutenberg”, was the name he adopted. The Germans, and most other people, contend that Gutenberg was the inventor of the art of printing with movable types.
                Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press in the 1450's, and the first book to ever be printed was a Latin language Bible, printed in Mainz, Germany. Gutenberg’s Bibles were surprisingly beautiful, as each leaf Gutenberg printed was later colorfully hand-illuminated. Born as “Johann Gensfleisch” (John Gooseflesh), he preferred to be known as “Johann Gutenberg” (John Beautiful Mountain). Ironically, though he had created what many believe to be the most important invention in history.
                     Gutenberg was a victim of unscrupulous business associates who took control of his business and left him in poverty. Nevertheless, the invention of the movable-type printing press meant that Bibles and books could finally be effectively produced in large quantities in a short period of time. This was essential to the success of the Reformation.

To know more about him. Must see :
Life of Johann Gutenberg

07.Ts'ai Lun

Ts'ai Lun (simplified Chinese: 蔡伦; traditional Chinese: 蔡倫; pinyin: Cài Lún; Wade-Giles: T'sai Lun),courtesy name Jingzhong (敬仲), was a Chinese eunuch. He was born in ca. 50 AD in Guiyang (today Leiyang), China.  He is regarded as the inventor of paper and the papermaking process, in forms recognizable in modern times as paper (as opposed to Egyptian papyrus). Although paper existed in China before Cai Lun (since the 2nd century BC), he was responsible for the first significant improvement and standardization of papermaking by adding essential new materials into its composition.

                     He lived and served as an official at the Chinese Imperial Court at the Han Dynasty in China at about 1800 years ago. In or about the year 105 A.D., he presented Emperor Han Ho Ti with samples of paper. Chinese records do mention and credit Tsai, Lun with the invention of paper. His name is well known in China.

                Tsai, Lun was a eunuch. Because he was an officer, he had the access to lots of resources, including money and human resources, for papermaking research. He was promoted by the Emperor for his invention and became wealthy. Later he got involved in palace intrigue, which led to his downfall. Finally he ended his life drinking poison. He died in 121 AD in China.

                       In China, before Tsai, Lun, books were made of bamboo, which were heavy and clumsy. Some books were made of silks, which were very expensive. In the West at that time, books were made of sheepskin or calfskin. Tsai, Lun improved the technology of making paper from sesame fiber. He used recycleable meterials such as bamboo, tree skin and shabby cloth to make paper. The technique of papermaking was kept as a secret for five centuries in China. In 751, some Chinese papermakers were captured by Arabs, and later paper was produced in the Middle East. The arts of papermaking gradually spread and in the twelfth century the Europeans learned the arts from the Arabs. Paper became the most common writing material in the West.
                  Today, paper is the most commonly used materials in human life, not just as a medium of communication. Tsai, Lun's contribution to civilization is priceless!

06.Saint Paul

 Saint Paul,Paul of Tarsus, also called Paul the Apostle, or the Apostle Paul, was a Hellenistic Jew (who later accepted Christianity). He was born in Tersus. He called himself the "Apostle to the Gentiles" and was, together with Saint Peter and James the Just, the most notable of early Christian missionaries.
           According to the Acts of the Apostles, his conversion took place on the road to Damascus. Thirteen epistles in the New Testament are attributed to Paul, though authorship of six of the thirteen has been questioned. Paul's influence on Christian thinking arguably has been more significant than that of any other New Testament author.
      He died in c 64-65 AD in Rome and was buried there.


If you want to know more about him, see :
Life Of Saint Paul

05.Confucius

Confucius (Chinese: 孔子; pinyin: Kǒng zǐ; Wade-Giles: K'ung-tzu, or Chinese: 孔夫子; pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ; Wade-Giles: K'ung-fu-tzu), lit. "Master Kong". He was born on September 28, 551 B.C.E. – 479 B.C.E. He was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Taiwanese and Vietnamese thought and life.

                     His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.).
                    Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as "Confucius."
                      His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (論語), a collection of "brief aphoristic fragments", which was compiled many years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius, but for nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics (五經) such as the Classic of Rites (禮記) (editor) , and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋) (author).

04.Gautama Buddha

Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher in the north eastern region of the Indian subcontinent who founded Buddhism. He is regarded by Buddhists as the Supreme Buddha
(Sammāsambuddha) of our age.
                  The time of his birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians dated his lifetime as c. 563 BCE to 483 BCE. More recently, however, at a specialist symposium on this question, the
majority of those scholars who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death, with others supporting earlier or later dates.

                           Gautama Buddha, also known as Śākyamuni or Shakyamuni ("sage of the Shakyas"), is the key figure in Buddhism, and accounts of his life, discourses, and monastic rules are believed by Buddhists to have been summarized after his death and memorized by his followers. Various collections of teachings attributed to Gautama were passed down by oral tradition, and first committed to writing about 400 years later. Early Western scholarship tended to accept the biography of the Buddha presented in the Buddhist scriptures as largely historical, but currently "scholars are increasingly reluctant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life and teachings."

                      If you want to know more about Gautama , please follow this link :
Life of Gautama Buddha

03.Jesus Christ-Isa (A.S)

Jesus of Nazareth also known as Jesus Christ or occasionally Jesus the Christ—is the central figure of Christianity, and within most Christian denominations he is venerated as the Son of God and as God incarnate. Christians also view him as the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament. However, Judaism rejects these claims. Islam considers Jesus a prophet and also the Messiah while several other religions revere him in some way.

                   The principal sources of information regarding Jesus' life and teachings are the four canonical gospels, especially the Synoptic Gospels though some scholars argue that other texts (such as the Gospel of Thomas) are as relevant as the canonical gospels to the historical Jesus.
                     Academic studies remain inconclusive about the chronology, the central message of Jesus' preaching, his social class, cultural environment, and religious orientation. Scholars offer competing descriptions of Jesus as the awaited Messiah, as a self-described Messiah, as the leader of an apocalyptic movement, as an itinerant sage, as a charismatic healer, and as the founder of an independent religious movement.
                      Christian views of Jesus  center on the belief that Jesus is divine, is the Messiah whose coming was prophesied in the Old Testament, and that he was resurrected after his crucifixion. Christians predominantly believe that Jesus is the "Son of God" (generally meaning that he is God the Son, the second person in the Trinity) who came to provide salvation and reconciliation with God by his death for their sins. Other Christian beliefs include Jesus' virgin birth, performance of miracles, ascension into Heaven, and a future Second Coming. While the doctrine of the Trinity is widely accepted by most Christians, a few groups reject as non-scriptural, wholly or partly, the doctrine of the Trinity.
                  In Islam, Jesus (Arabic: عيسى‎, commonly transliterated as  Isa (A.S )) is considered one of God's important prophets, a bringer of scripture, and a worker of miracles. Jesus is also called "Messiah", but Islam does not teach that he was divine. Islam teaches that Jesus ascended bodily to heaven without experiencing the crucifixion and resurrection, rather than the traditional Christian belief of the death and resurrection of Jesus.

02.Sir Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire,England on 4 January 1643. He was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian who is perceived and considered by a substantial number of scholars and the general public as one of the most influential men in history. His 'Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica', published in 1687, is by itself considered to be among the most influential books in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics.
                 Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the scientific revolution.
                       In mechanics, Newton enunciated the principles of conservation of both momentum and angular momentum.
                       In optics, he built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours which form the visible spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.
                      In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus. He also demonstrated the generalised binomial theorem, developed the so-called "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function, and contributed to the study of power series".
                    Newton remains influential to scientists, as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of scientists and the general public in Britain's Royal Society asking who had the greater effect on the history of science, Newton or Albert Einstein. Newton was deemed to have made the greater overall contribution to science, although the two men were closer when it came to contributions to humanity.Newton was also highly religious, though an unorthodox Christian, writing more on Biblical hermeneutics than the natural science he is remembered for today.
                   He died on 31 March 1727 at Westminster Abbey, the first scientist to be accorded this honour. An 18th century poem written by Alexander pope states him best.

If you want to know more about him then visit :
Biography of Isaac Newton

01. Muhammad (P.B.U.H)

Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was born in Makkah in the year 570. Since his father died before his birth and his mother died shortly thereafter, he was raised by his uncle who was from the respected tribe of Quraish.
                His people, before his mission as a prophet, were ignorant of science and most of them were illiterate. As he grew up, he became known to be truthful, honest, trustworthy, generous, and sincere. He was so trustworthy that they called him the 'Trustworthy'.
                Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was very religious, and he had long detested the decadence and idolatry of his society. At the age of forty, Muhammad (P.B.U.H)  received his first revelation from God through the Angel Gabriel. The revelations continued for twenty-three years, and they are collectively known as the Quran.
                 As soon as he began to recite the Quran and to preach the truth which God had revealed to him, he and his small group of followers suffered persecution from unbelievers. The persecution grew so fierce that in the year 622 God gave them the command to emigrate. This emigration from Makkah to the city of Madinah, some 260 miles to the north, marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar.
                After several years, Muhammad pbuh and his followers were able to return to Makkah, where they forgave their enemies. Before Muhammad pbuh died, at the age of sixty-three, the greater part of the Arabian Peninsula had become Muslim, and within a century of his death, Islam had spread to Spain in the West and as far East as China. Among the reasons for the rapid and peaceful spread of Islam was the truth and clarity of its doctrine. Islam calls for faith in only one God, Who is the only one worthy of worship.
                The Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was a perfect example of an honest, just, merciful, compassionate, truthful, and brave human being. Though he was a man, he was far removed from all evil characteristics and strove solely for the sake of God and His reward in the Hereafter. Moreover, in all his actions and dealings, he was ever mindful and fearful of God.

If you want to know more about Muhammad (P.B.U.H), please visit :
Biography of Muhammad (P.B.U.H)

A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History

1. Muhammad (P.B.U.H)
2. Isaac Newton
3. Jesus Christ
4. Buddha
5. Confucius
6. St.Paul
7. Ts'ai Lun
8. Johann Gutenberg
9. Christoper Columbus
10. Albert Einetein
11. Louis Pasteur
12. Galileo Galilei
13. Aristotle
14. Euclid
15. Moses
16. Charles Darwin
17. Shih Huang Ti
18. Augustus Caesar
19. Nicolaus Copernicus
20. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
21. Constantine the Great
22. James Watt
23. Michael Faraday
24. James Clerk Maxwell
25. Martin Luther
26. George Washington
27. Karl Marx
28. Orville and Wilbur Wright
29. Genghis Kahn
30. Adam Smith
31. Edward de Vere
32. John Dalton
33. Alexander the Great
34. Napoleon Bonaparte
35. Thomas Edison
36. Antony van Leeuwenhoek 
37. William T.G. Morton
38. Guglielmo Marconi
39. Adolf Hitler
40. Plato
41. Oliver Cromwell
42. Alexander Graham Bell
43. Alexander Fleming
44. John Locke
45. Ludwig van Beethoven
46. Werner Heisenberg
47. Louis Daguerre
48. Simon Bolivar
49. Rene Descartes
50. Michelangelo
51. Pope Urban II
52. 'Umar ibn al-Khattab'
53. Asoka
54. St. Augustine
55. William Harvey
56. Ernest Rutherford
57. John Calvin
58. Gregor Mendel
59. Max Planck
60. Joseph Lister
61. Nikolaus August Otto
62. Francisco Pizarro
63. Hernando Cortes
64. Thomas Jefferson
65. Queen Isabella I
66. Joseph Stalin
67. Julius Caesar
68. William the Conqueror
69. Sigmund Freud
70. Edward Jenner
71. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
72. Johann Sebastian Bach
73. Lao Tzu 74. Voltaire
75. Johannes Kepler
76. Enrico Fermi
77. Leonhard Euler
78. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
79. Nicoli Machiavelli
80. Thomas Malthus
81. John F. Kennedy
82. Gregory Pincus
83. Mani
84. Lenin
85. Sui Wen Ti
86. Vasco da Gama
87. Cyrus the Great
88. Peter the Great
89. Mao Zedong
90. Francis Bacon
91. Henry Ford
92. Mencius
93. Zoroaster
94. Queen Elizabeth I
95. Mikhail Gorbachev
96. Menes
97. Charlemagne
98. Homer
99. Justinian I
100. Mahavira